Case Management Overview Essay

The case worker has many different roles and responsibilities that are part of their jobs. Being able to support all of their roles no matter of what population or problem there is the case worker needs to be able to deal with it, this is an important part of a case worker responsibly. The case worker can use different tools and methods to help support their clients. Roles and Responsibilities of a Case Worker There are many roles that case workers have. Some may think that the case workers are only there to find services for a client, but there is more to their jobs and responsibilities. Some of the roles that case workers have are caregivers, teachers, advocate, outreach worker, mobilizer, community planner and a behavior changer. Case workers have responsibilities that go with each role. For the caregiver role the case workers role is one that supports a client and is concerned about their wellbeing the caregiver is also part of the planning process. The teacher role, this role is a support to the client helps the client gain, develop and increase knowledge in emotional behavior or intellect. Advocate role for a care worker a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular service or resource that will help the client in their plan. Outreach worker is another responsibility that a case worker has, an outreach worker will reach out to people that are having problems, and help them find services that may need. The role of the mobilizer is to get specific service that are not yet in the area, that service does not have a presents in that particular area that the clients need support. A case worker may work on getting certain support with help from others. Another is a Community Planner; this role helps the clients as well as the community. The responsibility is to work with community based boards, committees, to ensure that a community development  supports the community and the people in it. The last role is behavior changer, is to encourage their clients to change their negative behaviors for more positive behavior. Behavior changers provide support for their clients and provides them with the needed tools to change their behaviors, so they are more positive. There are many roles and responsibilities that case workers have, all of their roles support their clients in many ways. Theoretical Models â€Å"Ecological model to develop a broad understanding of each individual client who comes before them. This model sometimes referred to as person-in-situation or person-in-environment model looks at the individual client in the client’s context†. (Summers, 2012). Within this modal there are three levels that, Micro, Meso, and Marco levels. Micro level, where the focus is on the client’s personality, motivation, affect, and other personal attributes Meso level, where the focus is on the context immediately surrounding the client (family, church group, close friends, and work group) Macro level, where the focus is on the larger society’s characteristics and the way the client experiences these or the way these are brought to bear on the client’s situation (institutions and organizations such as the political system, social stratification, the educational system, and the economy). (Summers, 2012) Being able to use these levels will help identify the problems that the client is having. The Micro level, is more personal, the Meso focus on the surroundings of the client and the Marco focus on the larger group around the client. Being able to figure out the problem and where it is coming from and affecting will help the overall help the client. When looking at all the problem behaviors that come up, one that we can look at it Life transitions. This situation in someone’s life can affect many things. Breaking it down it done into the levels can help support the client and figure out how to help. The Mico level, getting to understand the life transition and the client, the Meso level, looking at the close relationships that the client is having is any of these relationships supporting or interfering with the client’s behavior and last the Macro level looking at the community and the bigger picture of where the client is at. Looking at all of these areas will help support the client’s behavior problems. Special Populations When a case worker is thinking about Special Population they have a good understanding of what that is really saying. Special population is a term used to express a disadvantaged group.[where?] In health professions, special populations include those with disabilities, minors, and the elderly. Special populations often require accommodations for physical, mental or emotional differences. Their bodies may respond in a different manner to treatment or medication. For example, the small liver in a child means that he or she can’t take typical adult doses of medication. The same goes for an elderly person, whose decreased liver function similarly affects the processing of medication. (â€Å"Wikipedia†, 2014). As a case worker you have to be prepared to have a good understand of things that may come up. There may be certain issues that may come up when working with a client that is part of a special population. One issue is does their special population and or problem fall within the Human Service field, or do you as a case worker need to help them find other services. Other issues are there and mental, emotional or physical development problems that could change the services that are out there to support the situation they are in. Also there can be problems with understanding what is needed and getting them support in there are, which them may cause transportation issues. As a case worker, being prepared to handle things that special population deal with, abuse and neglect for an example. When working as a case worker there are many roles and responsibilities that are taken on as part of a case workers job. Having a good idea how to support their needs and help to figure out how to help is important and to make sure that as a case worker you understand them as a person is also needed. As a case worker there will be many different types of people that you woke with Special Population being one of the group, and may be one of the most challenging. But, remembering that as a case worker there is a job to be done, it is not always done the same way, and remembering that is very important. References Mehr, J. J., & Kanwischer, R. (2011). Human Services. Concepts and Intervention Strategies (11th ed.). : Pearson Education. Summers, N. (2012). Fundamentals of Case Management Practice. Skills for the Human Services (4th ed.). : Cengage Learning. Wikipedia. (2014). Retrieved from http://n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_populations

Reflective Learning Essay

What is Reflective Learning? There is no one definition of reflective learning as it is an idea based on looking further into a subject or matter in depth. Then analysing it and processing it to a different level. It is a learning skill that requires ongoing development through further education and into a career. Evelyn M Boyd and Ann W Fales state that reflective learning is the process of internally examining and exploring an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self, and which results in a changed conceptual perspective. Evelyn M. Boyd and Ann W. Fales. The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. Journal of Humanistic Psychology SPRING 1983 vol. 23 no. 2 99-117 John Dewey in the early 21st century had a theory that Personal Development had to be from the personal perspective. Over recent times he had observed that learning practises had become impersonal and in order to achieve a greater understanding of learning, a person had to use â€Å"I.† His belief was  Ã¢â‚¬ËœActive, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it, and further conclusions to which it leads†¦it includes a conscious and voluntary effort to establish belief upon a firm basis of evidence and rationality’ (Dewey, 1933). My understanding of the term is that a review of information gathered or imparted needs to be looked at later in time to re-evaluate your interpretation and understanding of it and its relevance to you. It also allows an individual to gain a deeper understanding of themselves and develop their learning skills over time allowing them to review and improve their work. During a learning process such as the Foundation Degree in Business Management, reflection, is vital to understanding learning skills and career pathway but also gaining a greater insight into fellow pupils learning styles and develop the students’ ability to learn and progress through the modules. Improving the quality of work and gaining a greater understanding of their own skills and strengths throughout time at college or university. Students may have difficulty in regarding a Reflective  Learning module as a serious part of study. The subject or module is down to the individuals’ attempts to understan d themselves and honesty plays a large role in the process. Should an individual decide to ignore their weak points and only focus on their perceived strengths, then they miss the opportunity to improve their weak skills and don’t reflect on the correct areas of work. This could result in not gaining the important key skills for the workplace and may not achieve the level of degree they expect. Many academics also struggle with the subject due to the fact it is written in the first person whereas academic work is always in the third person. The ability to re-frame information and analyse an experience is a key skill in many graduate jobs. This skill will be used going forward within the work environment as part of Personal Development. Reflection within business development and project work will be expected. To know how to move forward in business is to know where it is coming from. Questions would be asked if they had learnt from previous experience or what issues had arisen that needed to be addressed or could be done differently or improved upon. Therefore the need to prove this learned skill is vital. David Kolb (1984) is well known for his development of the Kolb cycle – or cycle of experiential learning. Kolb developed his theory in the 1980’s his ideas are used today as part of reflective learning. This is a simplified version of his learning cycle. Concrete experiencing (have an experience) → Active experimentation Reflective observation (try out what you have learned) (reflect on the experience) ↑ ↓ Abstract conceptualising (learn from the experience) ↠ Kolb’s theory ELT is now considered by academics, business managers, tutors  and trainers to have discovered and developed a fundamental concept that explains human learning behaviour and that helps others to learn. It is used to this day in many forms throughout academia and business. ‘Experiential Learning: As the Source of Learning And Development’ 1984 Prentice Hall INC

The Performance of TESCO Business Research Paper

The Performance of TESCO Business - Research Paper Example Overall management is responsible for the performance of TESCO business, its duty of directors to check the performance of business, Mostly the departmental managers are responsible for the performance of their department and top management see that the business is running in accordance with its objectives and they take the measures of any risk which may affect the performance of business and find the solution of that risk or problem. Tesco is the member of the ETI since it came into existence in 1998. In 2001, it has developed a new course for its purchaser and technical managers to lift up their consciousness of the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI), ethical issues, and employee welfare in the supply chain. This was the primary course of its manner in the industry and has now been rolled out to its commercial teams. It will carry on training all new commercial purchaser and technical managers in this way. Organizing standards across its great and complex own brand supply base is a c hallenge, but Tesco is dedicated to functioning with its suppliers to maintain, develop and get better standards. Tesco remains a component of the ETI, actively contributing to projects that aspire to address the complex social matters that subsist in global supply chains. The directors have overall responsibility for day-to-day operational control. Executive directors who are the permanent employee of the company handle the day-to-day operations. Tesco will pick up the pace in its lead ahead of supermarket rivals tomorrow when it lacerates prices of hundreds of goods by another  £30 million.

RFPs are sick, not dead Read this article, and write a report about it Essay

RFPs are sick, not dead Read this article, and write a report about it - Essay Example nizations require to consider when they are making decisions concerning the most appropriate routes for making pre-contract engagements with their suppliers. The St. Paul meeting center that is located in Mississippi uses RFP’s or information to find visitors to their ideal locations that they have established for holding conferences, conventions, trade shows and other similar events. The company’s RFP requires any personal or event information that their customers may require so that can prepare in advance for the meetings. It also contains the preferred contact methods and any other information that the customers may require on their site. The requirements include things like hospitality suite and audio visual requirements and descriptions of the catered dining events among other similar issues (Cendyn, 2012). According to the article, â€Å"RFP’s are sick, not dead† some senior representatives who were attending the Business Travel Market session 2012 debated on the issue with some proposing while others were opposing the motion. The critics insisted that RFP’s had been very long and required too many details that were in fact placing heavy burdens on their suppliers with the hope of winning business (Leach, 2012). However, one Bruno Fornasiero who was a global sales optimization director defended the process claiming that the principles behind the processes had remained strong over time though improvements could be made on this process. In his defense, he explained that he had viewed on many occasions RFP’s that asked questions like, â€Å"How many key strokes are required to make a booking†. Some other participants like Russell Green, a corporate sales director from the UK & IHG Company strongly resented the traditional processes and advocated for the use of the less official RFI (Request for Information) process. Telefonica’s HR, Sarah-Jayne Aldridge did however support the use of these RFP’s by suggesting that it was the suppliers who did not

G-20 is In Need Of a Secretariat or Not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

G-20 is In Need Of a Secretariat or Not - Essay Example However, detractors who claim that the manner in which power is divide makes it difficult for the consistency and objectivity of the forums agenda since different countries and bloc are likely to focus too much on their own interest and alienate those of the other member states have often contested this. Over the years since its inception, G20 has become a major force in matter of global politics and social economic interest; it has consistently provided a useful forum for developing solutions for the challenges facing the world economy. The sessions of the G20 provide a financial outlay that is has proven critical in providing for and planning for the resources that constitute the IMF and other development funds. At the leadership level, G20 it can rightfully be viewed as the de facto forum for international dialogue and through its financial agreements that cut across geopolitical boards necessitated by globalization are arranged and coordinated. To its credit, G20 has been greatly successful and effective in meeting its objectives and through it, numerous treaties have been negotiated and ratified, there is no doubt that it does and will continue to be critical for the stability of global fiscal and social economic stability. ... Nevertheless the system of governance that existed when it was a ministerial affair seem to have been retained, consequently, it is operated what can loosely be described as an informal way. Even today, G-20 is still without a charter or a secretariat, consequently it limits the organization in a myriad ways especially concerning administrative powers and begs the question if the purpose for which it was set can really be fulfilled without a more formalized structure in place. As aforementioned, one of the most pressing concerns concerning G20 is it lack of a permanent secretariat, instead, a financial stability Board (FSB) plays some of the roles that would be normally carried out by the secretariat. This board, which was established in 2009 in London, was instituted with the aim of; creating strong and prudent oversight of principal and risk management in order to promote transparency. They were also charged with addressing valuation and ultimately change in the application and fun ction of credit ratings; ergo the response by the authorities to risk and stress causing factors in the financial system can be strengthened. Notwithstanding its relative efficacy, a closer look at the issues addressed by G-20 will evince that they are not limited to the fiscal ones that the FSB was designed to deal with. Many other themes have emerged, many of them deviating from financial matters, such these include Policy Corporation between nations, social and political as well as climate change issues which are all related in various degrees of closeness to financial matters but which exceed the scope of the FSB in their non-financial concerns. Ceteris Pulibus, the FSB is not comprehensive enough in its scope to encompass all the matters that arise in the G20 meetings,

Statistics on Aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statistics on Aging - Essay Example The other statistics indicate that the population of the older generation continues and will continue to increase for both male and female even though the females are at a higher percentage than the males (Administration on Aging, 1900-2050). The increase in the number of older generation in the years to come mean that there should also be an increase in the number of nurses involved in population-based nursing. This is important because the old people will need attention and the work will be more hence requiring more nursing assistance. More nurses need to be recruited in this program before it is too late. The other health statistic implies that the population-based nursing is already yielding fruits on the older generation aged over 60 years as they are paying more attention to their health and they care about primary rather than tertiary prevention and treatment. Whatever advice the population-based nurses are giving this older generation should continue because it is working (Curley and Vitale,

Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment 6 - Essay Example It is for this reason that Liberal philosophers should support exemptions to the rules and norms of society for minority cultures: by promoting cultural exemptions, they will also support autonomy and equality. Before proceeding further with an argument for the importance of cultural exemptions to Liberalism, it is probably a good idea to define some terms and make sure that the concepts of Liberalism, autonomy and cultural exemptions are fully understood. Liberalism, as describe above, basically espouses the idea that everybody should be treated equally. As we saw in earlier chapters, like the one on the art of Benin, this is not always the case. In regards to Benin, they were seen as less â€Å"civilised† than the British, and this led to their being abused and mistreated when the two cultures clashed. This would not have happened if the British at the time had followed Liberalism, because it accepts that different cultures have â€Å"differences in moral values; different tastes in art, literature or music; differences in social customs and traditions; and differences in belief† (Pike 97). However, Liberalism itself has varying traditions. Two of those which are discussed in this chapter are difference-blind Liberalism and the Liberalism which accepts â€Å"rule and exemption approach† (Pike 106). The first of these seems fairly straight-forward. It basically means that the philosopher ignores any sort of difference whatsoever between any two people. The â€Å"rule and exemption† idea, on the other hand, involves creating rules for all people and then giving people exemptions based on cultural, social, or religious differences. In this case, then, the philosopher would acknowledge some that differences are important and need to be taken into account. On the surface, difference-blind Liberalism seems perfectly reasonable when your philosophy is â€Å"that every human being is of

Wilson and Lenin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wilson and Lenin - Essay Example After the world war, the world saw two great leaders trying to develop international peace. Wilson and Lenin however were very different in their ideologies. As opposed to Wilson who advocated disarmament in his fourteen points, Lenin did not believe â€Å"Disarmament’ could help in avoiding wars; he considered it as a means of evading reality (Lenin). Lenin proposed that the way to achieve world peace was through a global revolution and interference in the workings of the capitalistic states which would not only put an end to their governments but also their societies and this could not be achieved if the disarmament policy is followed (Mayer). He believed that if a revolution does not prevent a war, the proletariats should use the defeat of their own governments to create revolutionary reforms. Lenin believed only in the existence of a proletariat armed force and not the bourgeois army. Hence the most prominent difference between Wilson and Lenin was one of reform against r evolution. Lenin wanted to bring about reforms through revolution while Wilson wanted a ‘revolution’ through reforms (Schild).

Organisational Ethics in OPEN24 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organisational Ethics in OPEN24 - Essay Example For a company organization is a means to an end in order to achieve its goals. In this sense, organizations can be distinguished into two fundamentally different sets of objectives: The team of financial advisors is highly focused, trained up and very aggressive sellers, they concentrate on non walk-in customers and their objective is the selling of business loans. Increasing competition in the marketplace combined with rather draconian cultural internal problems such as bureaucracy, poor communication, and perceived lack of personal job advancement possibilities has led the employees to high levels of frustration many times in the past. 'All organisations begin with some sort of Vision, an initial spark which causes its creation. The organisation's Vision is essentially the dream which unites a core group of people and inspires them to try and make the dream a reality.' We can say that Open24 has a vision on what it wants to achieve in the near future. All employees work towards these visions and indeed if they work as group, then there is no reason as to why they should not achieve their organisational goals. Open24 organisation's pur...'All organisations begin with some sort of Vision, an initial spark which causes its creation. The organisation's Vision is essentially the dream which unites a core group of people and inspires them to try and make the dream a reality.' We can say that Open24 has a vision on what it wants to achieve in the near future. All employees work towards these visions and indeed if they work as group, then there is no reason as to why they should not achieve their organisational goals. (Ping, 1996)Â   Open24 organisation's purpose grew from their vision and in articulating its mission; they should have stated how it will seek to bring the vision to reality. 'It is stating what its 'Unique reason for being' is, and what the values are that will give meaning to its purpose.' (Ping, 1996) When it comes to organisational ethics, it is here in the mission statement that the seed is planted which gives rise to the 'shared set of beliefs' that will determine the organisation's climate of opinion. (Ping, 1996)Â   The main problems that the department faces and can prevent from the above mentioned plans are the following: Strict Management that creates employee dissatisfaction thus, high employee turnover ratio.Poor communication. Internal competition between OPEN 24 and the main net of Eurobank's branches. Â  

Lessons of the Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lessons of the Cold War - Essay Example Notably, the leaders from both sides changed after a year of the war, but the war continued. Cold war led three main political blocks globally: the pro-America policies, the pro-Soviet Union policies, and the nations that never supported either side. In fighting the war, the first president of the United States into the war, President Harry Truman used a doctrine that was referred to the Truman Doctrine (Carafano, Cox, and Rosenzweig 64). In his doctrine, Truman supported communism effectively. This made him take control over Greece and Turkey. Additionally, the United States used the Marshall plan that strengthened the government and economies of the countries within Western Europe. The main reason why the nuclear war occurred despite the presence of nuclear weapons in Cuba was that the Soviet United agreed to remove them after the United States had detected their presence. Additionally, both sides agreed to end or ban their nuclear weapon tests above the ground, in space, and under water (Carafano, Cox, and Rosenzweig 231). There was further ban of deployment and testing of the long distance missiles. Despite the series of agreements, the United States was seen as the winner of the war since during the war it formed ally with numerous, powerful nations and supported numerous other nation that strengthened it support. Moreover, it international or foreign policies seemed to have worked well for it. Though it seems too difficult to achieve, the United States should aim at seeking allies with some Muslim world.  

Miracle on St Davids Day by Gillian Clarke Essay Example for Free

Miracle on St Davids Day by Gillian Clarke Essay Miracle on St Davids Day is an enchanting, and ultimately optimistic poem relating to the theme of identity by Gillian Clarke. The poem tells the story of a man in a mental institution, who exceeds the expectation of both the nurses and his fellow patients when he regains the ability to talk. In the first stanza of the poem, Gillian Clarke describes the country house in what seems to be an idyllic setting, The sun treads the path among cedars and enormous oaks, it might be a country house, guests strolling. However despite the seemingly pleasant tone, implied by the use of her making it seem informal, through the relaxed wondering of what the House may have been, might be a country house, guests strolling, suggesting normality her use of the word might alerts the reader that this idyllic setting may be an illusion and not what it first seems. The illusion of normality is swiftly extracted by the opening line of the second stanza, I am reading poetry to the insane. This line ends with a certain finality, that is so abrupt that it disturbs the so far, flowing effect to the poem, also implying informality and normality, to the effects that it shocks the reader, not only in the disrupted rhythm of the poem but also in the disturbingly blunt reality of what she is saying. Furthermore this is shocking because it is not commonplace for people to be reading poetry to the insane. Gillian Clarke does this numerous times during the poem in order to stop the reader, so that the poem does not ramble, and make it more interesting, A beautiful chestnut-haired boy listens entirely absorbed. A schizophrenic. This use of contrast between the descriptive lines of the opening stanza and the flat, and remarkably blunt, tones of this line introduce the reader to the contrast between the setting and the guests. As we can observe from the line following, I am reading poetry to the insane, which instantly restores the mood of the poem to informal with the humor, of the old woman who is constantly offering the narrator coal, when it is March and she would have no means of getting coal. By the use of having the woman saying humorous things, Gillian Clarke is also contrasting her with the other patients at the home, as she is the only one who is talking. The poem also uses poetic devises such as personification, An afternoon yellow and open mouthed. It uses metaphors, In a cage of first march sun, and similes such as, Outside the daffodils are still as wax, to make the poem more interesting to read, and also without these techniques the imagery of the poem, that the people in the home are daffodils would not be portrayed and the final message of the poem would not be presented to the reader. Thus the poem would be pointless. Gillian Clarke also uses enjambment in the poem, which disturbs the flow of the poem, and I think is also relating to the disturbed personalities of the patients in the home. Enjambment is effectively used in the third to fourth stanzas, as this is a rambling scene of the immense man struggling to get to his chair, and so Clarke reflects this in the appropriate use of enjambment between the stanzas. The first March sun is described as a cage in the third verse as it is saying that for these people who have no fre edom, even their enjoyment of the sun is trapping them, and they have no choice but to be out absorbed in it. These poetic devices are also used to build up the character of the man in the poem. In the third stanza where the man is introduced, he is described as a big, mild man, and a laborer, who is being tenderly led. This use of contrasting language informs the reader that even though the man is large in size he has to be tenderly led like a child, continuing to imply to the reader that there is something wrong with him. This is confirmed in the forth verse where he is described as rocking, a common action by insane people as it comforts them. His description is also emphasized by the repetition of the words big, mild and dumb. These words make him seem even more immense, which is odd when they are combined with mild. When the huge laboring man speaks he is in beautiful surroundings reciting a poem about daffodils, which is not only being ironic but is breaking the stereotype of laborers being very masculine and rather insensitive, whereas here he is being portrayed as almost feminine and extremely sensitive. What strikes me most prominently when reading the poem is the amount of imagery used to bring emphasis to the overall meaning of Clarkes poem and to make it more interesting. She has chosen the Daffodils, by W. Wordsworth, as the music that the mute man chooses to speak after forty years of silence. I believe that she has also chosen to describe the man who cannot speak as mute as it is also a musical term, and so therefore is not just emphasizing that there is no speech in his life, but also that there is no music, relating with happiness and merriment, and therefore is saying that without speech there is no joy in the laborers life. However when the rhythm of the poetry he is read awakens him, it appears to turn apparent life into reality. The poem is a possible way to show his waking from a world of misery to a reality of natures beauty and rhythm, Since the dumbness of misery fell he has remembered there was a music of speech and that once he had something to say. This is also playing on the word dumbness, as dumbness aside from meaning stupidity also is relating to the man who cannot speak as a person who is mute can also be described as, dumb. Informing us that the poem is saying that music is good, as when he cannot speak, and there is no music, it is described as, misery and when this, falls, and he has remembered that there is something to say a thrush sings, representing happiness, and the once, wax still daffodils are flame, representing excitement, life and activity. Therefore Gillian Clarke is saying that the man was not properly alive until the music in his life was restored. He is reciting poetry because what he has heard from the nurses in the institution has restored his memory and he has remembered a poem that he had learnt as a child at school. We know this because Clarke informs us in verse thirty-one, Forty years ago, in a Valleys school, the class recited poetry by rote. I believe that Gillian Clarkes poem is also relating to music through this imagery. Since the dumbness of misery fell he has remembered there was a music of speech and that once he had something to say. When he speaks there is an immediate exchange of characteristics, the once lifeless patients are alert and the nurses are frozen as the patients once were. I also notice that in Clarkes poem the daffodils seem to represent the people at the home. At the start of the poem the daffodils are open mouthed showing the way that the patients dont react to the poetry, as this is the face that people use when they are bored and not listening. Their open mouths show how unreceptive the patients are, once again removing any sense of normality as Gillian Clarke alienates them from ordinary sane people. When the miracle of the man speaking occurs the flowers are silent and still, showing that far from the boredom and lack of interest displayed before, everyone is amazed. We can deduct that the daffodils are not merely flowers, by the use of lines such as, their syllables unspoken, as obviously, flowers can speak no syllables. I think that the use of the candle related words throughout the poem are deliberate, when the flowers are as still as, wax, the man is not speaking and when he does they are a flame, which is representing that the mans hope, which has always been there, the wax, but when he speaks it is a flame. It is alive. I think that the, first bird of the year in the breaking darkness is symbolic as the first bird of the year, is representing the first speech in the mans life for many years, and the darkness which is now breaking is the bad times of when he could not speak. His first words in many years are described as a bird, as this also relates to the theme of music. Gillian Clarke effectively alienates the patients in the home and portrays the fact that although they are physically there, they mentally are not by the constant use of word absent, I read to their presences, their absences. St Davids Day by Gillian Clarke illustrates the theme of identity through the use of including people in a mental institution, as they have no identity. Yet after forty years a mans identity breaks through. I believe that this poem is trying to communicate the fact that everyone has an identity; no matter how masked it is from the rest of the world, and by the use of describing them with flowers that cannot speak (which have inner beauty, she is saying that everyone has some kind of identity and beauty. Emotion plays an important part in the poem humor, misery and shock are shown to us and this makes the poems more realistic. Ultimately I feel the reason this is a very effective poem is that the use of daffodils and Wordsworth is subtle but carries a significant meaning that is backed up by the tone of the rest of the poem. I find that the poem is truly touching and although the main message of the poem is quite discrete, the way that it is portrayed makes it seem that you, the reader are really experiencing the miracle.

Americas Founding Documents

Americas Founding Documents The founding documents refer to the documents such as Constitution and other written instruments in which an organization is established and governed. In the United States of America, various founding documents were used to shape the United States of America. These important documents included the Constitution, Bill of rights, Declaration of Independence, primary source documents and other documents that were written between the year 1764 and 1791.The discussion is based on these founding documents of the United States of America. The constitution was written in 1787 in Philadelphia by delegates who came from 12 states. This Constitution created a federal system which composed of three separate powers and also included the concurrent and reserved powers of the states. The facilitation of the formation of the constitution was championed by James Madson.   September 1787 this law was sent to the states for the purpose of ratification where 9 out of 13 states were to ratify it to be active to the states (Fischer, D. H. 2004). The constitution was approved by many of the countrys conventions who called for the amendments especially for the areas that protect the individual rights. The constitution was apportioned into articles and sections. All the legislative powers were to be vested in a Congress of the United States and had to compose of a Senate and House Representatives. The executive power was vested in the president of the United States of America who had to hold the office for the term of four years and was to government placed together with his vice. The constitution also highlighted that the judicial power of the United States be put upon the Supreme Court whereby it was to apply the law and equity when exercising power. The bill of rights was another founding document that has by Anti-Federalists who held that this law was necessary to protect and safeguard the liberty of the individuals. The paper of reasons was the list that has been created polished the government power. About the state authority, the founders found it to be important for the people to be free in conducting worship services and have freedom of speech likewise. The freedom was made free and protected with the amendments that were fist done. Another one was the natural right of people to secure in their houses, persons, papers against any unreasonable searches. The founders also established the amendment III that prohibited any soldier to be quartered in any house without the knowledge of the owner. The founders created various founding principles as one of the founding documents. For instance, individual liberty was at all times to be supported since without right the law loses its nature, and without law, liberty loses its meaning. They came up with the principle that all men are created equal and that they are endowed by the creator with some unalienable rights such as life, happiness, and liberty. The principle of separation of powers came out in the founding document where the powers of the government were to be divided and balanced among various bodies to avoid the element of tyranny and accumulation of authority in one branch. The principle of individual liberty came out clear in these documents where an individual had right to obtain and even control possessions and the fruits of their hard labor. Primary source documents are one of the founding documents in which many written works that existed from the time of the founders is kept. This report tells the story of how the colonies gathered together in the United States of America and created the constitutional republic which has been existence for a long time (House, H. W. (Ed.). 1998). The words and ideas of the founders of the America are placed in this document. The declaration of independence document is considered as founding document that has the foundation of the American freedom. The Declaration of Independence document marked the genesis of the Republic of United States containing unalienable rights. This paper has always been a beacon to those women and men that value freedom. It has sections like a general statement of natural rights and the purpose of the government placed in it.it has the truth that illustrates all men are equal and that Creator has endowed them with certain unalienable rights such as life, a pursuit of happiness and liberty. According to the national archives documents (McCoy 1934-1968), the material brings out the idea that if any form of the government becomes destructive of these rights, the people have the right to abolish such government. The people will vote in the new state which would provide them happiness and liberty without political influence and communicate much on federal agencies. In conclusion, the founding documents in the United States have elevated the freedom and the freedom of the American citizens. The documents contain the history of the founders and guideline and guidance that the government needs to follow when governing the citizens. Documents have also established various rights and freedom of the people of the United States. References House, H. W. (Ed.). (1998). The Christian and American Law: Christianitys Impact on Americas Founding Documents and Future Direction. Kregel Publications. Fischer, D. H. (2004). Liberty and Freedom: A Visual History of Americas Founding Ideas (Vol. 3). Oxford University Press. McCoy, D. R. (1978). National Archives: Americas Ministry of Documents, 1934-1968. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Symmetric Encryption Schemes

Symmetric Encryption Schemes 2.1 Symmetric Encryption Schemes: With symmetric-key encryption, the encryption key can be calculated from the decryption key and vice versa. With most symmetric algorithms, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption, as shown in Figure 1.1. Implementations of symmetric-key encryption can be highly efficient, so that users do not experience any significant time delay as a result of the encryption and decryption. Symmetric-key encryption also provides a degree of authentication, since information encrypted with one symmetric key cannot be decrypted with any other symmetric key. Thus, as long as the symmetric key is kept secret by the two parties using it to encrypt communications, each party can be sure that it is communicating with the other as long as the decrypted messages continue to make sense. Encryption functions normally take a fixed-size input to a fixed-size output, so encryption of longer units of data must be done in one of two ways: either a block is encrypted at a time and the blocks are somehow joined together to make the cipher text, or a longer key is generated from a shorter one and XORd against the plaintext to make the cipher text. Schemes of the former type are called block ciphers, and schemes of the latter type are called stream ciphers. 2.1.1 Block ciphers Block ciphers take as input the key and a block, often the same size as the key. Further, the first block is often augmented by a block called the initialization vector, which can add some randomness to the encryption. 2.1.1.1 DES Algorithm: The most widely used encryption scheme is based on Data Encryption Standard (DES). There are two inputs to the encryption function, the plain text to be encrypted and the key. The plain text must be 64 bits in length and key is of 56 bits. First, the 64 bits of plain text passes through an initial permutation that rearranges the bits. This is fallowed by 16 rounds of same function, which involves permutation substitution functions. After 16 rounds of operation, the pre output is swapped at 32 bits position which is passed through final permutation to get 64 bit cipher text. Initially the key is passed through a permutation function. Then for each of the 16 rounds, a sub key is generated by a combination of left circular shift and permutation. At each round of operation, the plain text is divided to two 32 bit halves, and the fallowing operations are executed on 32 bit right halve of plain text. First it is expanded to 48 bits using a expansion table, then X-ORed with key, then processed in substitution tables to generate 32 bit output. This output is permuted using predefined table and XORed with left 32 bit plain text to form right 32 bit pre cipher text of first round. The right 32 bit plain text will form left 32 bit pre cipher text of first round. Decryption uses the same algorithm as encryption, expect that the application of sub keys is reversed. A desirable property of any encryption algorithm is that a small change in either plain text or the key should produce a significant change in the cipher text. This effect is known as Avalanche effect which is very strong in DES algorithm. Since DES is a 56 bit key encryption algorithm, if we proceed by brute force attack, the number of keys that are required to break the algorithm is 2 56 . But by differential crypto analysis, it has been proved that the key can be broken in 2 47 combinations of known plain texts. By linear crypto analysis it has been proved that, it could be broken by 2 41 combinations of plain text. The DES algorithm is a basic building block for providing data security. To apply DES in a variety of applications, four modes of operations have been defined. These four models are intended to cover all possible applications of encryption for which DES could be used. They involve using a initialization vector being used along with key to provided different cipher text blocks. 2.1.1.1.1 Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode: ECB mode divides the plaintext into blocks m1, m2, , mn, and computes the cipher text ci = Ei(mi). This mode is vulnerable to many attacks and is not recommended for use in any protocols. Chief among its defects is its vulnerability to splicing attacks, in which encrypted blocks from one message are replaced with encrypted blocks from another. 2.1.1.1.2 Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode: CBC mode remedies some of the problems of ECB mode by using an initialization vector and chaining the input of one encryption into the next. CBC mode starts with an initialization vector iv and XORs a value with the plaintext that is the input to each encryption. So, c1 = Ek(iv XOR m1) and ci = Ek(ci-1 XOR mi). If a unique iv is used, then no splicing attacks can be performed, since each block depends on all previous blocks along with the initialization vector. The iv is a good example of a nonce that needs to satisfy Uniqueness but not Unpredictability. 2.1.1.1.3 Cipher Feed-Back (CFB) mode: CFB mode moves the XOR of CBC mode to the output of the encryption. In other words, the cipher text c1 = p1 XOR Sj(E(IV)). This mode then suffers from failures of Non-Malleability, at least locally to every block, but changes to ciphertext do not propagate very far, since each block of ciphertext is used independently to XOR against a given block to get the plaintext. These failures can be seen in the following example, in which a message m = m1 m2 mn is divided into n blocks, and encrypted with an iv under CFB mode to c1 c2 cn. Suppose an adversary substitutes c2 for c2. Then, in decryption, m1 = Ek(iv) XOR c1, which is correct, but m2 = Ek(c1) XOR c2, which means that m2 = m2 XOR c2 XOR c2, since m2 = Ek(c1) XOR c2. Thus, in m2, the adversary can flip any bits of its choice. Then m3 = Ek(c2) XOR c3, which should lead to random looking message not under the adversarys control, since the encryption of c2 should look random. But m4 = Ek(c3) XOR c4 and thereafter the decryption is correct. 2.1.1.1.4 Output Feed-Back (OFB) mode OFB mode modifies CFB mode to feed back the output of the encryption function to the encryption function without XOR-ing the cipher text. 2.1.1.2 Triple DES: Given the potential vulnerability of DES to brute force attack, a new mechanism is adopted which uses multiple encryptions with DES and multiple keys. The simplest form of multiple encryptions has two encryption stages and two keys. The limitation with this mechanism is it is susceptible to meet in the middle attack. An obvious counter to meet in the middle attack and reducing the cost of increasing the key length, a triple encryption method is used, which considers only two keys with encryption with the first key, decryption with the second key and fallowed by encryption with the first key. Triple DES is a relatively popular alternative to DES and has been adopted for use in key management standards. 2.1.1.3 Homomorphic DES: A variant of DES called a homophonic DES [7] is considered. The DES algorithm is strengthened by adding some random bits into the plaintext, which are placed in particular positions to maximize diffusion, and to resist differential attack. Differential attack makes use of the exclusive-or homophonic DES. In this new scheme, some random estimated bits are added to the plaintext. This increases the certain plaintext difference with respect to the cipher text. A homophonic DES is a variant of DES that map search plaintext to one of many cipher texts (for a given key). In homophonic DES a desired difference pattern with the cipher text will be suggested with some key values including the correct one, oppositely wrong pairs of cipher text. For a difference pattern which 56-bit plaintext to a 64-bit cipher text using a 56-bit key. In this scheme, eight random bits are placed in specific positions of the 64-bit input data block to maximize diffusion. For example, the random bits in HDESS are the bit- positions 25, 27, 29, 31, 57, 59, 61 and 63. In this algorithm, after the initial permutation and expansion permutation in the first round, these eight random bits will spread to bits 2, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18, 20, 24, 26, 30, 32, 36, 38,42,44,48 of the 48-bit input block to the S-boxes and will affect the output of all the S-boxes. The 48 expanded bits must be exclusive-or’d with some key before proceeding to the S-boxes, thus two input bits into the S-boxes derived from the same random bit may have different values. This says that the random bits do not regularize the input to the S-boxes, that is, the property of confusion does not reduce while we try to maximize diffusion. The decryption of the homophonic DES is similar to the decryption of DES. The only difference is that eight random bits must be removed to get the original plaintext (56 bits). A homophonic DES can easily be transformed into a triple-encryption version by concatenating a DES decryption and a DES encryption after the homophonic DES. Security analysis: Thus there is a probability of 1/256 between a pair of texts. The differential crypto analysis is also difficult on this mechanism. The diffusion of bits is also more in this mode. Thus this mechanism provides some probabilistic features to DES algorithm which makes it stronger from differential and linear crypto analysis. 2.1.1.4 AES: The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was chosen in 2001. AES is also an iterated block cipher, with 10, 12, or 14 rounds for key sizes 128, 192, and 256 bits, respectively. AES provides high performance symmetric key encryption and decryption. 2.1.1.5 Dynamic substitution: An apparently new cryptographic mechanism [34] which can be described as dynamic substitution is discussed in the fallowing topic. Although structurally similar to simple substitution, dynamic substitution has a second data input which acts to re-arrange the contents of the substitution table. The mechanism combines two data sources into a complex result; under appropriate conditions, a related inverse mechanism can then extract one of the data sources from the result. A dynamic substitution combiner can directly replace the exclusive-OR combiner used in Vernam stream ciphers. The various techniques used in Vernam ciphers can also be applied to dynamic substitution; any cryptographic advantage is thus due to the additional strength of the new combiner. 2.1.1.5.1 The Vernam Cipher: A Vernam cipher maps plaintext data with a pseudo-random sequence to generate cipher text. Since each ciphertext element from a Vernam combiner is the (mod 2) sum of two unknown values, the plaintext data is supposed to be safe. But this mode is susceptive to several cryptanalytic attacks, including known plain text and cipher text attacks. And if the confusion sequence can be penetrated and reproduced, the cipher is broken. Similarly, if the same confusion sequence is ever re-used, and the overlap identified, it becomes simple to break that section of the cipher. 2.1.1.5.2 Cryptographic Combiners: An alternate approach to the design of a secure stream cipher is to seek combining functions which can resist attack; such functions would act to hide the pseudo-random sequence from analysis. The mechanism of this work is a new combining function which extends the weak classical concept of simple substitution into a stronger form suitable for computer cryptography. 2.1.1.5.3 Substitution Ciphers: In simple substitution ciphers each plain text character is replaced with fixed cipher text character. But this mechanism is weak from statistical analysis methods where by considering the rules of the language, the cipher can be broken. This work is concerned with the cryptographic strengthening of the fundamental substitution operation through dynamic changes to a substitution table. The substitution table can be represented as a function of not only input data but also a random sequence. This combination gives a cryptographic combining function; such a function may be used to combine plaintext data with a pseudo-random sequence to generate enciphered data. 2.1.1.5.4 Dynamic Substitution: A simple substitution table supported with combining function gives the idea of dynamic substitution. A substitution table is used to translate each data value into an enciphered value. But after each substitution, the table is re-ordered. At a minimum, it makes sense to exchange the just-used substitution value with some entry in the table selected at random. This generally changes the just-used substitution value to help prevent analysis, and yet retains the existence of an inverse, so that the cipher can be deciphered. 2.1.1.5.5 Black Box Analysis: Dynamic substitution may be considered to be a black box, with two input ports Data In and Random In, and one output port Combiner Out. In the simple version, each data path has similar width; evidently the mechanism inside the box in some way combines the two input streams to produce the output stream. It seems reasonable to analyze the output statistically, for various input streams. 2.1.1.5.6 Polyalphabetic Dynamic Substitution: A means to defend to known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks would be to use multiple different dynamic substitution maps and to select between them using a hidden pseudo-random sequence. Thus the dynamic substitution if free from statistical attacks where each character of plain text is replaced with multiple characters of cipher text which makes the mechanism robust. 2.1.1.5.7 Internal State: Dynamic substitution contains internal data which after initialization is continuously re-ordered as a consequence of both incoming data streams; thus, the internal state is a function of initialization and all subsequent data and confusion values. The changing internal state of dynamic substitution provides necessary security to the data streams. Thus dynamic substitution provides a probabilistic nature to the enciphering mechanism. The limitation with this scheme is, not only different dynamic substitution tables has to be maintained but also the pseudo random sequence which selects between these dynamic substitution tables has to be shared between sender and receiver. 2.1.1.6 Nonces A nonce [29] is a bit string that satisfies Uniqueness, which means that it has not occurred before in a given run of a protocol. Nonces might also satisfy Unpredictability, which effectively requires pseudo-randomness: no adversary can predict the next nonce that will be chosen by any principal. There are several common sources of nonces like counters, time slots and so on. 2.1.1.6.1 Nonce Based Encryption: In this work a different formalization for symmetric encryption is envisaged. The encryption algorithm is made to be a deterministic function, but it is supported with initialization vector (IV). Efficiency of the user is made success of this mode. The IV is a nonce like value, used at most once within a session. Since it is used at most once having any sort of crypto analysis is practically not possible which provides sufficient security. 2.1.1.7 One-Time Pad Encryption One more encryption mechanism for providing security to data is one time pad [13] encryption. The functions are computed as follows: A and B agree on a random number k that is as long as the message they later want to send. Ek(x) = x XOR k Dk(x) = x XOR k Note that since k is chosen at random and not known to an adversary, the output of this scheme is indistinguishable to an adversary from a random number. But it suffers from several limitations. It is susceptible to chosen plain text and chosen cipher text attacks. Again the limitation is here is sharing of one time keys by the participating parties of the encryption scheme. As a new key is always used for encryption, a continuous sharing of key mechanism has to be employed by the participating parties. 2.1.2 Stream ciphers Unlike block ciphers, stream ciphers [14] (such as RC4) produce a pseudo-random sequence of bits that are then combined with the message to give an encryption. Since the combining operation is often XOR, naive implementations of these schemes can be vulnerable to the sort of bit-flipping attacks on Non-Malleability. Two types of stream ciphers exist: synchronous, in which state is kept by the encryption algorithm but is not correlated with the plaintext or cipher text, and self synchronizing, in which some information from the plaintext or cipher text is used to inform the operation of the cipher. Ronald Rivest of RSA developed the RC4 algorithm, which is a shared key stream cipher algorithm requiring a secure exchange of a shared key. The algorithm is used identically for encryption and decryption as the data stream is simply XORed with the generated key sequence. The algorithm is serial as it requires successive exchanges of state entries based on the key sequence. Hence implementations can be very computationally intensive. In the algorithm the key stream is completely independent of the plaintext used. An 8 * 8 S-Box (S0 S255), where each of the entries is a permutation of the numbers 0 to 255, and the permutation is a function of the variable length key. There are two counters i, and j, both initialized to 0 used in the algorithm. 2.1.2.1.1 Algorithm Features: 1.It uses a variable length key from 1 to 256 bytes to initialize a 256-byte state table. The state table is used for subsequent generation of pseudo-random bytes and then to generate a pseudo-random stream which is XORed with the plaintext to give the cipher text. Each element in the state table is swapped at least once. 2. The key is often limited to 40 bits, because of export restrictions but it is sometimes used as a 128 bit key. It has the capability of using keys between 1 and 2048 bits. RC4 is used in many commercial software packages such as Lotus Notes and Oracle Secure. 3. The algorithm works in two phases, key setup and ciphering. During a N-bit key setup (N being your key length), the encryption key is used to generate an encrypting variable using two arrays, state and key, and N-number of mixing operations. These mixing operations consist of swapping bytes, modulo operations, and other formulas. 2.1.2.1.2 Algorithm Strengths: The difficulty of knowing which location in the table is used to select each value in the sequence. A particular RC4 Algorithm key can be used only once and Encryption is about 10 times faster than DES. Algorithm Weakness: One in every 256 keys can be a weak key. These keys are identified by cryptanalysis that is able to find circumstances under which one of more generated bytes are strongly correlated with a few bytes of the key. Thus some symmetric encryption algorithms have been discussed in this chapter. They varies from block ciphers like DES, Triple DES, Homomorphic DES to stream ciphers like RC4. To the symmetric encryption mechanisms concepts like application of Nounce and dynamic substitution are discussed which provides randomness to the encryption mechanism. This probabilistic nature to the encryption mechanism provides sufficient strength to the algorithms against Chosen Cipher text attacks(CCA). The security with all these mechanisms lies with proper sharing of keys among the different participating parties. 2.1.3 Adoptability of some mathematical functions in Cryptography: Sign Function: [26,27] This function when applied on when applied on a matrix of values, converts all the positive values to 1, negative values to -1 zero with 0. The advantage of using this function in cryptography is it cannot be a reversible process ie we cannot get back to the original matrix by applying a reverse process. Modular Arithmetic: One more function that is widely used in cryptography is modular arithmetic of a number with a base value. It will generate the remainder of a number with respect to the base value. This function is widely used in public key cryptography. 2.2 Public-Key Encryption The most commonly used implementations of public-key [13,14] encryption are based on algorithms patented by RSA Data Security. Therefore, this section describes the RSA approach to public-key encryption. Public-key encryption (also called asymmetric encryption) involves a pair of keys a public key and a private key, used for security authentication of data. Each public key is published, and the corresponding private key is kept secret. Data encrypted with one key can be decrypted only with other key. The scheme shown in Figure 1.2 says public key is distributed and encryption being done using this key. In general, to send encrypted data, one encrypt’s the data with the receiver’s public key, and the person receiving the encrypted data decrypts it with his private key. Compared with symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption requires more computation and is therefore not always appropriate for large amounts of data. However, a combination of symmetric Asymmetric schemes can be used in real time environment. This is the approach used by the SSL protocol. As it happens, the reverse of the scheme shown in Figure 1.2 also works: data encrypted with one’s private key can be decrypted only with his public key. This may not be an interesting way to encrypt important data, however, because it means that anyone with receiver’s public key, which is by definition published, could decipher the data. And also the important requirement with data transfer is authentication of data which is supported with Asymmetric encryption schemes, which is an important requirement for electronic commerce and other commercial applications of cryptography. 2.2.1 Key Length and Encryption Strength: In general, the strength of encryption algorithm depends on difficulty in getting the key, which in turn depends on both the cipher used and the length of the key. For the RSA cipher, the strength depends on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, which is a well-known mathematical problem.Encryption strength is often described in terms of the length of the keys used to perform the encryption, means the more the length of the key, the more the strength. Key length is measured in bits. For example, a RC4 symmetric-key cipher with key length of 128 bits supported by SSL provide significantly better cryptographic protection than 40-bit keys for use with the same cipher. It means 128-bit RC4 encryption is 3 x 1026 times stronger than 40-bit RC4 encryption. Different encryption algorithms require variable key lengths to achieve the same level of encryption strength. Other ciphers, such as those used for symmetric key encryption, can use all possible values for a key of a given length, rather than a subset of those values. Thus a 128-bit key for use with a symmetric-key encryption cipher would provide stronger encryption than a 128-bit key for use with the RSA public-key encryption cipher. This says that a symmetric encryption algorithm with a key length of 56 bits achieve a equal security to Asymmetric encryption algorithm with a key length of 512 bits, 2.2.2 RSA Key Generation Algorithm Two large prime numbers are considered. Let them be p,q. Calculate n = pq and (φ) phi = (p-1)(q-1). Select e, such that 1 Calculate d, such that ed ≠¡ 1 (mod phi). One key is (n, e) and the other key is (n, d). The values of p, q, and phi should also be kept secret. n is known as the modulus. e is known as the public key. d is known as the secret key. Encryption Sender A does the following:- Get the recipient Bs public key (n, e). Identify the plaintext message as a positive integer m. Calculate the ciphertext c = m^e mod n. Transmits the ciphertext c to receiver B. Decryption Recipient B does the following:- Consider his own private key (n, d) to compute the plain text m = c^d mod n. Convert the integer to plain text form. 2.2.3 Digital signing Sender A does the following:- This concept can also be used in digital signing as well. The message to be transmitted is converted to some message digest form. This message digest is converted to encryption form using his private key. This encrypted message digest is transmitted to receiver. Signature verification Recipient B does the following:- Using the sender’s public key, the received message digest is decrypted. From the received message, the receiver independently computes the message digest of the information that has been signed. If both message digests are identical, the signature is valid. Compared with symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption provides authentication security to the data transmitted but requires more computation and is therefore not always appropriate for large amounts of data. 2.3. Probabilistic encryption schemes In public key encryption there is always a possibility of some information being leaked out. Because a crypto analyst can always encrypt random messages with a public key, he can get some information. Not a whole of information is to be gained here, but there are potential problems with allowing a crypto analyst to encrypt random messages with public key. Some information is leaked out every time to the crypto analyst, he encrypts a message. With probabilistic encryption algorithms [6,11], a crypto analyst can no longer encrypt random plain texts looking for correct cipher text. Since multiple cipher texts will be developed for one plain text, even if he decrypts the message to plain text, he does not know how far he had guessed the message correctly. To illustrate, assume a crypto analyst has a certain cipher text ci. Even if he guesses message correctly, when he encrypts message the result will be completely different cj. He cannot compare ci and cj and so cannot know that he has guessed the message correctly. Under this scheme, different cipher texts will be formed for one plain text. Also the cipher text will always be larger than plain text. This develops the concept of multiple cipher texts for one plain text. This concept makes crypto analysis difficult to apply on plain text and cipher text pairs. An encryption scheme consists of three algorithms: The encryption algorithm transforms plaintexts into cipher texts while the decryption algorithm converts cipher texts back into plaintexts. A third algorithm, called the key generator, creates pairs of keys: an encryption key, input to the encryption algorithm, and a related decryption key needed to decrypt. The encryption key relates encryptions to the decryption key. The key generator is considered to be a probabilistic algorithm, which prevents an adversary from simply running the key generator to get the decryption key for an intercepted message. The following concept is crucial to probabilistic cryptography: 2.3.1 Definition [Probabilistic Algorithm]: A probabilistic algorithm [11] is an algorithm with an additional command RANDOM that returns â€Å"0† or â€Å"1†, each with probability 1/2. In the literature, these random choices are often referred to as coin flips. 2.3.1.1 Chosen Cipher Text Attack: In the simplest attack model, known as Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA) [5], the adversary has access to a machine that will perform arbitrary encryptions but will not reveal the shared key. This machine corresponds intuitively to being able to see many encryptions of many messages before trying to decrypt a new message. In this case, Semantic Security requires that it be computationally hard for any adversary to distinguish an encryption Ek(m) from Ek(m) for two arbitrarily chosen messages m and m. Distinguishing these encryptions should be hard even if the adversary can request encryptions of arbitrary messages. Note that this property cannot be satisfied if the encryption function is deterministic! In this case, the adversary can simply request an encryption of m and an encryption of m and compare them. This is a point that one should all remember when implementing systems: encrypting under a deterministic function with no randomness in the input does not provide Semantic Security. O ne more crypto analytical model is Chosen Cipher text Attack (CCA) Model. Under the CCA model, an adversary has access to an encryption and a decryption machine and must perform the same task of distinguishing encryptions of two messages of its choice. First, the adversary is allowed to interact with the encryption and decryption services and choose the pair of messages. After it has chosen the messages, however, it only has access to an encryption machine. An advancement to CCA Model is Chosen Cipher text Attack 2 (CCA2). CCA2 security has the same model as CCA security, except that the adversary retains access to the decryption machine after choosing the two messages. To keep this property from being trivially violated, we require that the adversary not be able to decrypt the cipher text it is given to analyze. To make these concepts of CCA CCA2 adoptable in real time environment, recently Canetti, Krawczyk and Nielsen defined the notion of replayable adaptive chosen ciphertext attack [5] secure encryption. Essentially a cryptosystem that is RCCA secure has full CCA2 security except for the little detail that it may be possible to modify a ciphertext into another ciphertext containing the s

ip addressing :: essays research papers

Repeater: operates at physical layers of osi model. Digital signals or analog signals that carry digital data can only be transmitted over a limited distance. After a certain distance attenuation or noise endangers the integrity of that data. Repeaters reproduce and transmit the received digital data. This new signal is the exact duplicate of the original signals. Repeaters offer simple means to extend a network, increased traffic on the network is introduced. This increased network congestion may not be acceptable in some situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Switch: Communication networks may be categorized by the architecture and techniques they use to transfer data. The following types of networks are in common. Broadcast communication networks. Local area networks. Packet radio networks. Satellite networks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In broadcast communication networks, there are no intermediate switching nodes. Each node in the network is attached to share communication medium. Ethernet and Arc net are examples of broadcast communication networks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Switched communication networks:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Circuit switched networks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Message switched networks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Packet switched networks. In switched communication network networks there may be multiple paths linking sender and receiver. Data is transmitted from source to destination by being routed through the networks nodes. This is called switching.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bridges: are limited to extend the network distance up to the network limitations. Bridges are useful to extend the network when dealing with one network. Also bridges limit entire company to use one network. At last when using bridges a failure in the network affects the entire network and thus the entire company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Routers: can extend the network beyond the limitations of a network by connecting two or more networks. Routers allow extending the network by dealing with many networks. Routers also allow you to use a backbone network for faster transfer of information across the different networks.

Lab Report: Effect Pollution has on Water :: essays research papers

A. Question Being Addressed: The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between pollution and water while the physical properties of water are held fixed. I am going to compare the â€Å"polluted† water with the purified water and see if it changed in anyway. For this experiment, I’m going to use water containing sand and oil to get â€Å"polluted† water. Also, I am going to use two methods of separation of substances, distillation to remove the oil, and filtration to remove the sand. Then I am going to use activated charcoal to remove any dissolved substances in the water. After that the water is purified. Independent Variable: Pollution Dependent Variable: Water Constant Variable: Physical Properties of Water Other constant variable include a graduated cylinder, 250 m beakers, pieces of filter paper, plastic spoons, a rubber band, washed fine sand and activated charcoal, plastic-foam cups. B. Hypothesis: â€Å"If the pollution is decreased then the water will decrease inversely because the removal of the pollutants from the liquid will affect some of water’s physical properties† C. Method and Procedure Materials: ï  ¶, Graduated cylinder ï  ¶, 4, 250 ml beakers ï  ¶, 2 plastic spoons ï  ¶, A small nail ï  ¶, 2, 8 oz. plastic-foam cups ï  ¶, 2 pieces of filter paper ï  ¶, Washed fine sand ï  ¶, Washed activated charcoal ï  ¶, Scissors, metric ruler, rubber band ï  ¶, â€Å"Polluted Water† Procedure 1. Measure 100ml of polluted water into a graduated cylinder and pour it into a beaker 2. Separate oil by pouring it into another beaker. Use a plastic spoon to remove the last bit. 3. Use the nail to pole 5 to 10 small holes in the bottom of the cup, and fit the filter paper in the inside bottom of the cup. 4. Set the cup inside another beaker, fill the cup with 2 cm. of wet sand. 5. Pour the polluted water and let it filter through. 6. Place 3 cm. of activated charcoal in an unused cup, pour the water and stir it with a spoon for about 1 minute. 7. Place a piece of filter paper on top of the cup and fasten it with a rubber band. 8. Let the water filter into a clean beaker. Method of Data Collection 1. Create a table-chart to record the observations 2. The color, clearness, odor, layers, solids and volume will be recorded in the chart for the water before treatment, after the oil separation, after the sand filtration and after the usage of charcoal.

Racism and the American Dream in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun Essay

A Raisin in the Sun is written by a famous African- American play write, Lorraine Hansberry, in 1959. It was a first play written by a black woman and directed by a black man, Lloyd Richards, on Broadway in New York. The story of A Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry’s own early life experiences, from which she and her whole family had to suffer, in Chicago. Hansberry’s father, Carol Hansberry, also fought a legal battle against a racial restrictive covenant that attempted to stop African- American families from moving in to white neighborhoods. He also made the history by moving his family to the white section of Chicago’s Hyde Park neighborhood in 1938. The struggle of Lorraine Hansberry’s family inspired her to write the play. The title of the play comes from Langston Hughes’s poem which compares a dream deferred too long to a raisin rotting in the sun. A Raisin in the Sun deals with the fact that family’s and individualâ€⠄¢s dreams and inspirations for a better life are not confined to their race, but can be identified with by people with all back grounds. A Raisin in the Sun is a set in 1950s after the Second World War which was an age of great racism and materialistic in America. It is about a black family living in south side of Chicago and struggling through family and economic hardships, facing the issues of racism, discrimination, and prejudice. The family consists of Lena Younger known as Mama; Walter Lee Younger who is an intense man, Ruth Younger who is wife of Walter Lee, Travis Younger who is son of Ruth and Walter, and Beneatha Younger who is Walter’s younger sister. The whole family lives in a two bed room apartment and don’t have money to live a better life. youngers are tired from their struggle to ... ...llow." Ruth replies by saying, "He’s rich!" That is exactly Beneatha's point. She does not want to be in a relationship with George (boyfriend) simply because he can support her financially. That is how Beneatha proves her point about looking beyond the surface. He seems her obstacle in fulfilling her dream of becoming a doctor. She is a strong woman who faces the negative attitude of people with great patience. For example, when Mrs. Johnson (neighbor) says, â€Å"I know--- but sometimes she act like ain’t got time to pass the time of day with no body ain’t been to college. It’s just--- you know how some of our young people get when they get a little education† (Hansberry 527). Work Cited Hansberry, Lorraine. ?A Raisin in the Sun.? Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. Eds. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin?s 2008.

Leaders Aren’t Born They Are Made Essay

â€Å"There are many well-educated and motivated people who lack the knowledge of how to lead others. So they don’t assume leadership positions, or if they do, they don’t do very well in them. They and others too, assume that these individuals just weren’t born to be leaders. That’s really a tragedy, because our country and our people need good leaders. Corporations, associations, and athletic teams all need good leaders. Even parents must be good leaders or their families can become dysfunctional. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that our very success as a nation depends upon good leadership. But my research shows conclusively that effectiveness as a leader depends less on some innate trait you are born with, and much more on specific principles that anyone can follow.† There have been a numbers of debates concerning the issue of what makes a great leader. This debate is usually summarized into two schools of thought. The one school proposes that leaders are a select few people who are born with the unique set of skill and have rare leadership abilities. The other school of thought proposes that leaders are made, that is they learn, grow and develop into great leaders through the books they read, the people they associate with and from their personal experiences. My take on this discussion is that I believe that Leaders are made, and I am not the only one with this belief. â€Å"†¦leaders are made, not born, and made more by themselves than by any external means. Second†¦that no leader sets out to be a leader per se, but rather to express himself freely and fully.† – Warren Bennis The truth is the most people have the potential to become leaders. The real issue is that leadership takes time to develop†¦  § People need time to figure out what they’re passionate about  § People need time to understand their personal vision and purpose  § People need time to learn how to express who they  § People need time to learn how to use their unique strengths and skills  § People need time to learn how to express their purpose in their own unique way. As the saying goes†¦. the fighter does not win in the ring†¦ he is only recognized there! You see leadership is not something you’re born with, it cannot be taught, it cannot be copied†¦ it’s learnt! â€Å"Leadership cannot really be taught. It can only be learned.† – Harold Geneen Leaders learn through life experience, by making room in our lives for lots of trial and error†¦ â€Å"Leaders aren’t born, they are made. And they are made just like anything else, through hard work. And that’s the price we’ll have to pay to achieve that goal, or any goal.† – Vince Lombardi Leaders are made when they understanding their purpose, their unique strengths and have a deep passion to make a difference by living out whom they are in the real world. â€Å"Leadership is an observable, learnable set of practices. Leadership is not something mystical and ethereal that cannot be understood by ordinary people. Given the opportunity for feedback and practice, those with the desire and persistence to lead can substantially improve their abilities to do so.†

Opinions and Social Pressure Essay

In â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure â€Å"(Solomon E. Asch), author shows that: Group pressure can Influence an Individual to deny the evidence of their own senses. The author supports the main Idea , by using experimental studies with individuals and showing that when put in group settings and asked to answer questions, which make their answers the minority answer. In the first study seven to nine college students gathered for a â€Å"psychological experiment†. The students were informed that they would be comparing the lengths of lines tended to surrender their own judgment to the others, in the same experiment. In the first experiment all the students choose the same matching line. Again in the second experiment the students are unanimous. The third experiment took on a surprise. As the group continued to answer unanimously one student disagrees. Even though this single student answers all his questions correctly he begins to to worry and second guesses his own answers. What the student didn’t know ,is that all the other students in the group were told to give incorrect answers. When the majority size decreases, the individual in the minority tends to contribute independently out of his own experiences, rather than conforming with the majority. The next experiment consisted of 123 subjects from three different colleges. two of them allowed the subject to act independently. Normally subjects made a mistake 1 % of the time and went with the majority and the minority mislead the majority’s judgement in 36. 8% of the time. The study provided evidence that when an individual’s resistance to group pressure, depends on the degree on how wrong the majority is. The study also brought up concern that in a society that requires consensus as a indispensable condition, it also requires society to have each individual to contribute independently.

A Definition of the Word Trust Essay

When you think of a very special quality everyone should have, trust is the first thing that comes to my mind. Being able to trust someone is very important. We have to trust people in our lives every single day. Trust helps us to have relationships and friendships. Trust is defined as believing in someone in the dictionary. Although this seems simple, it is not that easy to understand and comprehend. Trust has a deep meaning as we continue to grow and change in life. We go through many things that make us change as we live, grow, and experience different challenges. Trust is believing in someone with your whole heart and believing that he or she will take care of it or appreciate it. There are so many types of trust. Three type of trust are: trusting in a family member, trusting in someone special, and trusting in friends. With our family members, we have deep trust. They have been through everything with us and most of deep dark secrets. They have been there for us during the good times and the bad. They watched us go through elementary, middle and high school. Your family has been there to watch you mature and become the person you are today. We have deep trust with them because they took care of us when we were sick or needed someone to cry on. Since we tell them everything, we are the most attached to them. They know when we are acting strange or weird and can tell when we are sad or ecstatic. They share all kinds of memories with us and understand what and where we have been. We let family know almost everything about us. We go back to them when we have nowhere else to go. We trust them with our lives because we know no matter what, that they will always love and care for us. Another kind of trust is trust in someone special or someone that we think is our true love. See more:Â  First Poem for You Essay We tell them everything about us because we believe that they really care. We tell him or her things that we keep to ourselves because we believe that he or she has committed to us. It takes a lot of time to have this kind of trust in a relationship. It takes a lot of time to confide our secrets and personal issues in someone else. When you have such a deep trust with him or her, there should be no secrets. There are no secrets when you truly love each other. This kind of trust is just part of the commitment to each other. In this commitment, you trust each other to be faithful, respectful and to always be there for each other. Another type of trust is the trust between friends. We let our friends know about some of our secrets. We keep the deep dark ones away from them. We also try to hide our past and do not trust them right away because we have had friends in the past betray and hurt us numerous times. We do not trust them right away because we do not know about their life or their past. We do not know where they come from or what they believe makes a good friend. So we as humans hide our feelings and do not trust them. It is only when we spend a lot of time and slowly open up to each other that we become closer and can eventually trust them. Trust cannot be given. It has to be earned. It is not as simple as believing. Trust is earned. When you earn trust, you realize that you can tell him or her anything and they will still be there for you. Trust is not easy to earn though. You have to really believe in the other person and know that they will not let you down. Therefore, trust is very important to humans everywhere. Trust is a huge factor of unity and without it people cannot live in unity. Only you can fully understand trust in your own way. Trust is having a special place in their heart and you having special place for them. Finally, trust is the base for all relationships and friendships. Without trust, we cannot find the true meaning of life. Trust is a must for everything in life.

Comparing Sonny’s Blues to the Cathedral

1. Is Patrick lonely? In my opinion, I feel as though the boy is lonely, living in such a remote and desolate place, with only his father to spend his time with. For example Ondaatje says, â€Å"He was born into a region which did not appear on a map until 1910, though his family had worked there for twenty hears and the land had been homesteaded since 1816. In the school atlas the place is pale green and nameless. The river slips out of an unnamed lake†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (10-11).Patrick’s characteristics makes him seem sad or withdrawn from society, for he spends his time gazing out the window searching for bugs. Ondaatje exclaims, â€Å"He walks back into the bright kitchen and moves from window to window to search out the moths pinioned against the screens, clinging to the brightness†¦ Bugs, plant hoppers, grasshoppers, rust-dark moths†¦throughout the summer he records their visits and sketches the repeaters â€Å" (9). I feel bad for Patrick, that his only companio ns are the bugs flying around his house, in search for light.Although Patrick does have his father, his dad doesn’t pay him any attention, unless they are working together. Ondaatje says, â€Å"Hazen Lewis was an abashed man, withdrawn from the world around him, uninterested in the habits of civilization outside his own focus. He would step up to his horse and assume it, as if it were a train, as if flesh and blood did not exist† (15). It would be rough to grow up in that kind of unloving environment. It would be difficult to feel you had to earn your love.For Patrick’s father, only praises him when they are successful at work. For example, Ondaatje says, â€Å"They begin to run back home, looking behind them to see if the cow is following. The boy gasps, ‘If she goes into the ice again I’m not doing a thing’ ‘Neither am I’ yells his father, laughing† (16). The only part in the story when the boys Father demonstrates warmt h and kindness towards his son, is when they save the cow from drowning. The fathers introverted attitude, makes me question how he became so incredibly withdrawn from society.It makes me wonder what happened to his wife. Did she die? Is that the reason why he chooses to act so distant from his son? Does he remind him of her? Patrick’s absent mother also makes me question if that is the reason why Patrick is so quite and reclusive, like his father. With Patrick’s mother missing from his life and Patrick’s father uncommunicative, it causes him to live a very lonely, unhappy, and solitary life. 3. Patrick’s unloving and solitary environment is the reason for his unhappiness.

Marketing - Mini-cooper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing - Mini-cooper - Essay Example Demand in the United States, especially, has taken off, thanks to a marketing strategy designed to build mystique through stealth advertising and limited distribution†( Maynard) Mini Cooper has attracted world not only because of the unique features, but because of the innovative marketing strategies as well. The manufacturer BMW has created waves of innovation in marketing and advertising strategies adopted for their car Mini Cooper which captured the attraction of the worldwide people. This paper briefly analyses the features of Mini cooper and the marketing strategies adopted by BMW for marketing their product mini cooper in international market. â€Å"From the toggle switches for the windows and fog lights to the rocker buttons for the fan-speed controls, every switch and dial in the Mini feels of a piece with Mini and only the Mini. In truth, some of the components are gently massaged BMW parts, but thats not really obvious. And besides, BMW is a prestigious brand, so its not as if youre getting second hand Daewoo stuff in your Mini†( Frank). Mini Cooper is not only attractive in appearance, but it is filled with lot of useful features which other cars of same type may not possess. Its hatch layout is well designed, with a low well for groceries and with seat uprights that flip forward 50/50. Mini Cooper excels in safety features also compared to its competitors. It has defeated its competitors in most of the road tests and also excelled in National Highway Traffic Safety Administration crash tests. Moreover, it comes with six airbags (front, side, headliner), while its competitors only has standard front airbags. F or an additional $500, people can purchase a Mini Cooper with stability control that will help keep the car on track in an emergency situation. ‘A marvelous marriage of British character and German know-how, the 2009 Mini Cooper is stylish, fun to drive and remarkably good on gas. Stellar fuel economy, sharp handling, excellent all-around

Nursing organiztion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing organiztion - Research Paper Example This structure is often presented in the form of a chart to clearly identify the mode of delegation of authority in an organization. It is not meant to be the physical premises of the organization but is a part of infrastructure to support an organized group of an organization’s staff to perform in the direction of attainment of the organizational goals. (Blenkhorn, 2005) Organizational structure is the internal, formal framework of an organization that shows the way in which the management is linked together and how authority is transmitted. A typical structure is one that is based on departmental lines, and these departments are divided according to function or the type of work carried out. Structures can be illustrated by means of an organization chart. A traditional one, showing functional structure, is shown in figure 1. Standardization can be explained as a measurement of the applied organizational structure which denotes the extent to which that particular organization is dependent upon processes and regulations in directing its staff behavior. For instance, if there is a policy clarifying the course of action of applying for leave, it is standardization. It can be explained as an important measurement of organizational structure pointing out the extent upon which one or more designations are decided to possess the main locus of authorization. For instance, if we look at a structure chart the chain of command is clearly seen in it. This is meant to be the clear specification of each and every role and position shown in the organization chart. To be more specific we can say that identification of particular tasks performed by that staff member such as the phlebotomist or in a broader sense a specific function may just be identified as for example â€Å"Financial duties†. It is identified as a facet of organization which recognizes the

Read ch's 3 & 4 in the book Creating Graphics for learning and Essay

Read ch's 3 & 4 in the book Creating Graphics for learning and Performance and answer the focus questions, do the web activity, - Essay Example Extraneous cognitive load refers to the extra load presented in the form of input which is irrelevant to the topic primarily being addressed in the learning process. Germane cognitive load is one which facilitates the learning by association or sequencing the sensory inputs into meaningful units for the learner. Why should designers focus on working memory? Designers should focus on the working memory because it is that part of the memory where the information is held for a few seconds and organized into rational structures, which if reinforced with germane cognition can lead to a permanent impression in the long term memory, the latter being permanent in nature (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968). Working memory cannot hold more than 4-7 units during an interval of time and the visual artist should be able to identify the best visual and auditory inputs, structured into chunks, to have the maximum cognitive effect. Moreover, it is the working memory faction of human cognition where the info rmation processing takes place. The auditory and the visual channels also act in cohesion at this juncture for maximum impact (Pavio, 1990). Moreover, the episodic buffer is also created in the working memory area where the integration of visual and auditory inputs takes place (Baddeley, 2000). What is the relationship between selection, organization, and integration and figure-ground, hierarchy, and closure? The information processing theory suggests that the sensory input is processed selectively in the working memory where it gets organized into rational cues which interact with previous individual impressions’ and memory to form a cognitive pattern which may or may not be taken up by the long term memory. Selection, therefore involves filtration of the received sensory inputs in order to unburden the brain from information load. The subject involuntarily even selects the information which he or she is not at all aware about previously and this should be the focus of conce ntration for a creative visual designer. The intended informational input should therefore be structured in a manner so that it is aimed at the normal grasping or perceiving capability of the human brain. Organization of the provided inputs takes place according to the preexistent knowledge and the ability of the learner to grasp the meaning of the visual and auditory inputs into meaningful patterns which can be sustained for a long term impact. Integration of the provided visual and auditory inputs takes place in the working memory where they act upon simultaneously. Verbal and visual inputs when provided together are better integrated than when provided following each other. The figure ground principle suggests that the human mind is structured to perceive and separate the figure elements from the ground elements i.e. particular shapes elicit particular responses without going into the details of the object. Hierarchical organization of information takes place according to categor ization of information into layers according to the degree of importance placed on them. When sensory inputs are organized into a perceptible pattern, the whole information is more than the sum of its parts as suggested by the gestalt theory. In that case, a person with past experience can visualize the ‘whole’

Applied paramedic practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applied paramedic practice - Assignment Example 2. For my personal development so far, I feel that my skills of taking a patient’s history and performing a physical examination are better than I previously was able to do. Part of this success is due to repetition--doing the same task over and over again. Also, I have improved with the reassessment of vital signs and interventions to see if I have used appropriate treatment of I have need to correct a mistake. 3. My experience of the past weeks has shown that there are some problems that I need to address. I can do so by improve my knowledge and skills in certain areas. I used to struggle with some of the knowledge, but I have been determined to make improvements so that I can achieve all of my objectives for this course. I still have a lot to learn, but I hope that by the end of this course I will be able to identify all of my strengths and weaknesses so that I know what I need to work on. 4. There are some new goals that I want to achieve in the short term. Over the next few weeks, I would like to focus on the pathophysiology principle so that I can improve my assessment skills. This is really important to me because it will help show where I am academically right now. Also, I want to be able to identify ECG and all of the paramedic drugs. These skills will come in handy in the future. 5. The applied paramedic practice topic is a comprehensive approach to everything that we have learned over the last three years. The integration of the areas of the curriculum helps me to assess patients and prescribe them with the right type of treatment. This is not only beneficial from the patient’s point of view, but it also gives me confidence because I understand what I am

Genesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genesis - Essay Example First, man was made in the image of God as a proof that God has the ability to make decisions. This characteristic can also be seen in humans, as they have the ability to make decisions. This is an exceptional characteristic that is evident in humans. On one hand, humans have the freewill to make decisions, without any obligation from other animals. However, all the other creatures on the earth surface do not have such characteristics, as they are bound by nature. Similarly, creation of man in the image of God enhances the creativity of the Supreme Being. Humans have the ability to be creative in a number of aspects. Apparently, this aspect gave humans control over other creatures on the surface of the earth, since they lack such a character. In addition to this, humans have the mental and social capability, which is enhanced through speech. When looking at the book of Genesis, God communicated through speech. Since the word of God was immensely powerful, all the creation was made th rough spoken words. Ultimately, God gave man the ability to speak. This shows common characteristics in man and God. Making man in the image of God redeems human beings from the animal world. According to the story of creation, God is in ultimate control of all creation2. He has control over all activities, animals, plants and any other creation. However, after creating man in his image, God gave man control over the other creatures on the earth’s surface3. In essence, man was instated as the supreme control over all the creation on earth. This shows that God gave man the power to take care of all the creation, which is in resemblance of His character. Man was created in the image of God, which denotes the righteousness and innocence of God. As a fact, God is holy and supreme being with a moral compass. Initially, Adam was created as â€Å"very